What had happened to the Jewish population of Europe by the end of World War II?

The history of the Jews during World War II is virtually synonymous with the persecution and murder of Jews which was committed on an unprecedented calibration in Europe and European North Africa (pro-Nazi Vichy-North Africa and Italian Libya). The massive scale of the Holocaust which happened during Earth State of war II greatly afflicted the Jewish people and world public opinion, which only understood the dimensions of the Terminal Solution after the war. The genocide, known as HaShoah in Hebrew, aimed at the elimination of the Jewish people on the European continent. It was a broadly organized operation led by Nazi Germany, in which approximately vi 1000000 Jews were murdered methodically and with horrifying cruelty. Although the Holocaust was organized past the highest levels of the Nazi German authorities, the vast majority of Jews murdered were not German, merely were instead residents of countries invaded past the Nazis afterward 1938. Of the approximately half dozen million Jews murdered by the Nazis, approximately 160,000 to 180,000 were German Jews.^[1] During the Holocaust in occupied Poland, more than than one one thousand thousand Jews were murdered in gas chambers of the Auschwitz concentration camp alone. The murder of the Jews of Europe affected Jewish communities in Republic of albania, Austria, Republic of belarus, Kingdom of belgium, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Channel Islands, Croatia, Czech Democracy, Estonia, France, Frg, Greece, Hungary, Italian republic, Latvia, Libya, Republic of lithuania, Grand duchy of luxembourg, Moldova, the Netherlands, Due north Republic of macedonia, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, and Ukraine.^[2]

Leading to World War II, nigh all Jewish businesses in Nazi Germany had either collapsed nether financial force per unit area and declining profits, or had been forced to sell out to the Nazi German government as part of the "Aryanization" policy inaugurated in 1937. As the war started, massacres of Jews took place originally every bit office of Operation Tannenberg against the Polish nation. The much larger and methodical mass killings of Jews began with the onset of Operation Barbarossa in 1941. Led past Einsatzgruppen and the Order Police battalions, the destruction of European Jews took place with the agile participation of local Auxiliary Police including Byelorussian, Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, and Ukrainian units.^[2]

History

The following figures of the Federal Agency for Civic Instruction (Frg) show the annihilation of the Jewish population of Europe past (pre-war) country as percentage points:^[3]

Country	Estimated Pre-War Jewish population	Estimated killed	Percent killed
Poland	3,400,000	3,000,000	88.25%
Soviet Matrimony (excl. Baltic states)	3,000,000	ane,000,000	33.3%
Romania	757,000	287,000	38%
Hungary	445,000	270,000	60.7%
Czechoslovakia	357,000	260,000	73%
Germany	500,000	165,000	33%
Lithuania	150,000	145,000	96.vii%
Netherlands	140,000	102,000	72.ix%
French republic	300,000	76,000	25.33%
Latvia	93,500	seventy,000	74.9%
Austria	206,000	65,000	31.5%
Yugoslavia	68,500	60,000	87.6%
Hellenic republic	70,000	58,800	84%
Belgium	90,000	25,000	27.8%
Italian republic	46,000	7,500	16.3%
Luxembourg	3,600	1,200	33.3%
Estonia	iv,300	i,000	23%
Kingdom of norway	1,800	758	42.1%
Bulgaria	48,400	142	0.iii%
Denmark	vii,800	116	i.49%
Albania	200	100	50%
Finland	2,200	7	0.32%
Full	9,689,500	v,594,623	57.74%

Earlier the onset of state of war, the beginning pogrom in Nazi Germany was Kristallnacht, often chosen Pogromnacht, or "nighttime of broken glass," in which Jewish homes were ransacked in numerous German cities forth with 11,000 Jewish shops, towns and villages,^[4] equally civilians and SA stormtroopers destroyed buildings with sledgehammers, leaving the streets covered in smashed windows — the origin of the proper noun "Dark of Broken Drinking glass." The main part of the rioting took identify on 9–10 November 1938. Jews were beaten to decease; 30,000 Jewish men were taken to concentration camps; and 1,668 synagogues ransacked with 267 fix on fire. Following Performance Barbarossa launched on 22 June 1941, in the urban center of Lviv in the occupied territory of the Full general Government, Ukrainian nationalists organized two large pogroms in July 1941, in which effectually 6,000 Jews were murdered.^{[5] [half dozen]}

In Lithuania, local militant groups engaged in anti-Jewish pogroms on July 25 and 26, 1941 around Kaunas even earlier the Nazi forces arrived, killing about three,800 Jews and called-for synagogues and Jewish shops.^[vii] Perhaps the deadliest of these Holocaust-era pogroms was the Iași pogrom in Romania, in which as many equally 14,000 Jews were killed by Romanian citizens, police, and armed forces officials.

By December 1941, Adolf Hitler decided to completely exterminate European Jews.^[8] In January 1942, during the Wannsee conference, several Nazi leaders discussed the details of the "Final Solution of the Jewish question" (Endlösung der Judenfrage). Dr. Josef Bühler urged Reinhard Heydrich to proceed with the "Concluding Solution" in the General Government. They began to systematically deport Jewish populations from the ghettos and all occupied territories to the seven camps designated equally Vernichtungslager, or extermination camps: Auschwitz, Birkenau was the Extermination Camp site Belzec, Chelmno, Majdanek, Sobibór and Treblinka II. Sebastian Haffner published the assay in 1978 that Hitler from December 1941 accepted the failure of his goal to boss Europe forever on his declaration of war against the United states, but that his withdrawal and credible calm thereafter was sustained by the accomplishment of his second goal—the extermination of the Jews.

Even as the German Nazi war automobile faltered in the last years of the war, precious military resource such equally fuel, ship, munitions, soldiers, and industrial resources were still beingness heavily diverted away from the state of war and towards the decease camps. By the end of the war, more than half of Jewish population of Europe had been murdered in the Holocaust. Poland, home of the largest Jewish community in Europe before the state of war, had over 90% of its Jewish population, or about three,000,000 Jews, murdered by the Nazis. Greece, Yugoslavia, Republic of lithuania, Czechoslovakia, kingdom of the netherlands, and Latvia each had over lxx% of their Jewish population murdered.^[2]

Hungary and Albania lost effectually one-half of their Jewish populations, the Soviet Union, Frg, Republic of austria and Grand duchy of luxembourg lost over one 3rd of its Jews, Belgium and France each saw around a quarter of their Jewish populations murdered.^[2]

During the war, Spain became an unlikely haven for several m Jews. They were mainly from Western Europe, fleeing deportation to concentration camps from occupied France, but also Sephardic Jews from Eastern Europe, especially in Republic of hungary. Trudy Alexy^{[ who? ]} refers to the "applesauce" and "paradox of refugees fleeing the Nazis' Final Solution to seek asylum in a country where no Jews had been allowed to live openly as Jews for over four centuries."^[9]

Jews in the Allied Forces

Servicemen of the 20th Air Forcefulness stationed in Guam during World War Two participate in a Rosh Hashanah service.

Approximately 1.5 million Jews served in the regular Allied militaries during World War II.^[10]

Approximately 550,000 American Jews served in the various branches of the United states of america Military machine. Roughly 52,000 received U.S. military awards.^[11] Another 500,000 served in the Crimson Army, and more than than 160,000 earned citations, with over 150 receiving the Hero of the Soviet Spousal relationship award. Some 100,000 Jews served in the Shine Army during the German invasion, and thousands served in the Gratuitous Polish Forces, including about 10,000 in Anders' Army. Over sixty,000 Jews served in the British Armed Forces (excluding dominion or colonial personnel), including fourteen,000 in the Royal Air Strength and 15,000 in the Royal Navy. About 30,000 Jews from Mandatory Palestine also served in the British military, including 5,500 who served in the Jewish Brigade, a military formation equanimous of Jewish soldiers from Palestine led by British-Jewish officers.^{[12] [13] [14]} Almost 17,000 Canadian Jews served in the Canadian Armed Forces.^[15]

Jewish partisans also fought throughout occupied Europe and were organized into groups such every bit the Bielski partisans, United Partisan Organization and the Parczew partisans. Jewish resistance fighters took part in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.

Encounter besides

• History of the Jews in Europe
• Jews escaping from German-occupied Europe to the Uk
• Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe
• Jewish settlement in the Japanese Empire
• Timeline of the Holocaust

References

1. ^ "High german JEWS DURING THE HOLOCAUST". Holocaust Encyclopedia.
2. ^ ^{a b c d} Lucy Due south. Dawidowicz (1976). A Holocaust Reader. Behrman Business firm. p. 381 (tabular array), 92–94. ISBN0874412366.
3. ^ "Unter der NS-Herrschaft ermordete Juden nach Land." / "Jews by country murdered under Nazi rule." Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung / Federal Agency for Civic Education (Frg), April 29th 2018
4. ^ Gilbert, Martin. Kristallnacht: Prelude to Devastation. Harper Collins, 2006, p. 30.
5. ^ Longerich, Peter (2010). Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 194. ISBN978-0-19-280436-5.
6. ^ USHMM. "Lwów". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on seven March 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2015. {{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
7. ^ MacQueen, Michael (1998). "Nazi Policy towards the Jews in the Reichskommissariat Ostland, June–December 1941: From White Terror to Holocaust in Lithuania". In Gitelman, Zvi (ed.). Biting Legacy: Confronting the Holocaust in the USSR . Indiana University Press. p. 97. ISBN0-253-33359-viii.
8. ^ Bauer, Yehuda (2000). Rethinking the Holocaust. Yale Academy Press. p. 5. ISBN0300093004.
9. ^ Trudy Alexy, The Mezuzah in the Madonna's Foot, Simon & Schuster, 1993. ISBN 0-671-77816-one. p. 74.
10. ^ "Jewish Soldiers in the Allied Armies". Yad Vashem.
11. ^ Hartwick, Sharon (December 24, 2003) [Dec 24–30]. "Ours to Fight For: American Jews in the Second World War". The Villager. 73 (34). Archived from the original on October 7, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
12. ^ The Hebrew Bear on on Western Civilization, Dagobert D. Runes
13. ^ Noah Klieger (11 September 2006), Ground forces was Polish, soldiers were Jews. Exhibition fix to open side by side week salutes bearding Jewish fighters who fought with Poland's armies.
14. ^ Yad Vashem, The Holocaust: Combat and Resistance. Jewish Soldiers in the Centrolineal Armies.
15. ^ Jewish Canadian service in the Second World War

External links

• About the Holocaust A thematic and chronological narrative of the Holocaust with related video, photos, documents and more than from Yad Vashem
• Murav, Harriet; Estraikh, Gennady, eds. (2014). Soviet Jews in Earth War II: Fighting, Witnessing, Remembering. Boston: Academic Studies Press. doi:x.2307/j.ctt1zxsjkw. ISBN9781618116864. JSTOR j.ctt1zxsjkw.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II

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